Ham Radio in Action Archives – Ham Radio Prep

Fixing an Antenna at the Top of a 35-Foot Tower: A Ham Radio Adventure

Tania Farida — Mon, 05 May 2025 09:41:52 +0000

For ham radio operators, maintaining a station often requires troubleshooting and addressing unexpected issues—especially when they occur high up on a tower. In this blog post, we follow Jim, who discovered an issue with his antenna at the top of his 35-foot tower, and James, who helped him fix the problem. From identifying the issue to performing the necessary repairs, this is a behind-the-scenes look at how they resolved the antenna problem during a tower climb.

The Problem: Jim’s Antenna Wasn’t Performing Well

A few months ago, Jim noticed that his stepper antenna, mounted at the top of his 35-foot tower, wasn’t performing as expected. Despite everything looking fine from the ground, the antenna wasn’t delivering the expected signal. Jim knew it was time to investigate further and decided that the solution lay in going up to the antenna.

Jim’s 35-foot tower where the antenna issue was identified.

Troubleshooting the Setup

Jim started by checking the connections between his radio and tower. After ensuring everything was properly connected, he tested the coaxial cable running from the radio to the tower. Everything appeared fine, with a 1:1 SWR at 50Ω, indicating that the problem must be further up at the antenna itself.

Jim is testing the coaxial cable connections to rule out issues between the radio and antenna.

The Climb Begins: The Tower Setup and Safety

Realizing the issue likely lay with the coaxial cable at the top of the tower, Jim called upon James, a seasoned tower expert, to help replace it. The plan was to replace the coax running between the lightning arrestor and the antenna. Since the antenna rotates periodically, the coaxial cable can become a weak point over time, resulting in damage.

Before climbing, Jim reviewed some critical safety procedures. The most important was the three-point rule, which dictates that a climber should always keep three points of contact with the tower for stability. Whether it’s two feet and one hand or two hands and one foot, following this rule helps ensure a secure and safe climb.

The tower stands 30 feet tall, and with the 5-foot mast, the antenna’s total height reaches about 35 feet—an impressive height when you’re working on it.

James ensuring all safety precautions are in place before climbing Jim’s tower.

Replacing the Coax and Making Adjustments

As James reached the top of the tower, he inspected the lightning arrestor and coaxial cable. It quickly became clear that the coaxial cable had deteriorated, most likely due to the constant movement of the rotating antenna. This was the cause of the poor signal.

James proceeded to replace the damaged cable, ensuring everything was tightly secured. After reconnecting everything to the lightning arrestor, they tested the antenna once again.

James replacing the worn coaxial cable at the top of Jim’s tower.

The Reward: A Successful Fix and Better Performance

After replacing the coax, Jim tested the antenna again, and the results were immediate. The signal strength significantly improved, and the antenna was back to full functionality.

The most rewarding part for Jim was the ability to make clear radio contacts once again. The fix not only resolved the issue but proved the value of maintaining and regularly checking his ham radio setup.

A stronger, clearer signal after replacing the damaged coaxial cable.

Lessons Learned and Final Thoughts

One of the key takeaways from this experience for Jim was the importance of regular maintenance and troubleshooting. When you’re a tower owner, issues will arise, but resolving them early can save time and effort in the long run.

Looking ahead, Jim is considering installing a tilt-down tower, which would allow him to lower the antenna to a more accessible height for future maintenance and repairs.

Final Word: A Tower Climb and Antenna Fix Completed

Thanks to James’s help and Jim’s persistence, the antenna is now working like new. The experience reinforced the importance of safety, maintenance, and teamwork when dealing with tower-based repairs.

Thanks to their efforts, Jim can once again enjoy reliable communication with his ham radio station.

For a deeper dive into the different types of ham radio antennas, check out our comprehensive guide on ham radio antennas, which offers detailed recommendations and insights on various antenna types.

Get Your Ham Radio License Today

If you’re new to ham radio or need to get licensed, start your journey with Ham Radio Prep. Over 60,000 students have earned their FCC amateur radio licenses with our help.

🎓 Start your free lesson today at HamRadioPrep.com and join the ham radio community!

The post Fixing an Antenna at the Top of a 35-Foot Tower: A Ham Radio Adventure appeared first on Ham Radio Prep.

Ham Radio Repeaters: Complete Guide with Instructions

James Cribbs — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 19:08:10 +0000

Step-by-Step Guide to Using Ham Radio Repeaters

Ham radio repeaters are a cornerstone of the amateur radio community, offering extended range and reliable communication. If you’re new to ham radio, making your first contact through a repeater is a significant milestone. This guide provides clear, step-by-step instructions to help you understand and use repeaters effectively.

What Is a Ham Radio Repeater?

A ham radio repeater acts as a communication relay station. Positioned in elevated locations such as towers or mountaintops, it receives and retransmits signals. This process allows you to overcome obstacles like buildings and terrain, enabling communication over much greater distances than direct handheld radio contact.

Repeaters operate on a two-frequency system, listening for your signal on one frequency and retransmitting it on another. This design extends the limited range of handheld and mobile radios, especially in urban or mountainous areas where obstructions may hinder direct communication. By leveraging the repeater’s height and power, you can enjoy a much broader communication range.

Step 1: Understand the Basics of How Repeaters Work

In direct communication, two radios exchange signals on the same frequency, known as simplex communication. While effective at short ranges, this method is limited by obstacles and distance.

A repeater eliminates these limitations by:

Receiving your signal on one frequency (input).
Retransmitting it on another frequency (output).
Leveraging its high position to extend your communication range. With ham radio repeaters, you can achieve a range of up to 50 miles or even more, greatly exceeding the capabilities of basic simplex communication.

Repeaters are especially useful for handheld radios, allowing communication over several miles within your community or region.

Step 2: Where to Find Repeaters

Repeaters are strategically placed in elevated locations to maximize their range:

Urban Areas: Often installed on the roofs of tall buildings, communication towers, or broadcast stations.
Suburban Areas: Found on water towers, public safety communication towers, or amateur-built backyard towers.
Rural Areas: Frequently positioned on grain bins, hills, or mountaintops for maximum coverage.

How to Locate Repeaters

Tools like RepeaterBook.com are excellent for finding nearby repeaters. This platform allows you to search by frequency band, location, or modulation type. You can also explore regional amateur radio club websites or published repeater directories.

Step 3: Gather the Necessary Information

To program your radio for repeater use, you’ll need three key pieces of information:

Repeater Output Frequency
This is the frequency you tune in to listen to transmissions. For example, a common repeater frequency might be 146.760 MHz.
Offset
Repeaters listen on one frequency and transmit on another. The difference between these frequencies is the offset. For 2-meter repeaters, the offset is typically ±0.600 MHz, while for 70-centimeter repeaters, it’s ±5.000 MHz.
CTCSS or DCS Tone
This subaudible tone acts as a “key” to access the repeater. Without the correct tone, the repeater won’t relay your transmission. For instance, a CTCSS tone might be 107.2 Hz, or a DCS code could be 073N.

Step 4: Program Your Radio

Programming a handheld radio varies slightly by brand and model. Here’s a general process applicable to most radios:

For the Baofeng UV-5R:

Set Frequency Mode:
Press the VFO/MR button until you hear “Frequency Mode.”
Input the Output Frequency:
Use the keypad to enter the repeater’s output frequency, e.g., 146.760.
Set the Offset Direction:
- Open the menu and find SFT-D (Shift Direction).
- Set it to + or –, based on the repeater’s offset.
Configure the Offset Value:
Set this to 0.600 MHz for most 2-meter repeaters.
Add the CTCSS Tone:
- Locate the T-CTCS menu.
- Enter the tone value, e.g., 107.2 Hz.

For the Yaesu FT-65R:

Set VFO Mode:
Press the V/M button until the “M” indicator disappears.
Enter the Output Frequency:
Use the keypad to type in the frequency, e.g., 146.760.
Set the Offset:
- Open the menu and navigate to the Repeater settings.
- Select the offset direction (– REP) and value (0.600 MHz).
Program the CTCSS Tone:
- Find the CTCSS menu.
- Select TX and input the tone frequency.

Step 5: Make Your First Contact

Once your radio is set up, it’s time to make your first contact.

Listen First: Ensure the repeater is not in use before transmitting.
Initiate the Call:
Say the call sign of the person you’re trying to reach, followed by your own, e.g.,

“N4BFR, this is KN4NEH on the 146.76 repeater.”
Wait for a Response: Give the other party time to reply.
Converse Briefly: Be concise and leave pauses for others to join the conversation.
Sign Off: End the exchange with your call sign, e.g.,

“Thanks for the contact, this is N4BFR, 73!”

Step 6: Understanding Repeater Networks and Advanced Features

Many repeaters are linked into networks that allow communication across large regions or even states. Examples include the PAPA System in California or the Florida SARNet. These networks enable handheld radios to communicate over vast distances by linking multiple repeaters together.

Advanced Repeater Features:

Crossband Repeaters: Allow communication between different frequency bands, such as 2 meters and 70 centimeters.
Severe Weather Alerts: Some repeaters retransmit NOAA weather broadcasts.
Phone Patches: Older systems enabling phone calls via the repeater (less common today).
Voice Mail and News Services: Features like audio news playback or voicemail for users.

Best Practices for Repeater Use

To maintain good etiquette on repeaters:

Avoid calling “CQ”: Simply announce your call sign and say “monitoring.”
Leave pauses: Allow time for others to join the conversation.
Respect priority traffic: Always give way to emergency communications.

Conclusion

Using ham radio repeaters is an exciting way to expand your communication range and engage with the amateur radio community. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you’ll be ready to make your first contact and explore new possibilities in ham radio.

For more guides and resources, visit Ham Radio Prep and explore their comprehensive courses for beginners and advanced operators alike.

The post Ham Radio Repeaters: Complete Guide with Instructions appeared first on Ham Radio Prep.

Making Your First Simplex Contact on Ham Radio

James Cribbs — Wed, 16 Oct 2024 12:57:36 +0000

How to Make Your First Simplex Contact on Ham Radio: A Complete Beginner’s Guide

Just got your ham radio license? Congratulations! You’re likely eager to make your first contact, and this guide will walk you through how simple it is to start using Simplex on a handheld transceiver (HT). Simplex operation is one of the most straightforward methods of ham radio communication and a crucial skill to master for emergencies or casual use.

What is Simplex?

Simplex is essentially one radio communicating directly with another on the same frequency, with no need for repeaters or additional equipment. Think of it like using a walkie-talkie but with the added power, range, and flexibility that ham radio offers.

In simplex operation, you transmit and receive on the same frequency. It’s ideal for short-range communication, and can be useful for hiking, emergencies, or coordinating with friends.

Why Use Simplex?

Simplex is particularly effective for close-range communications such as:

Local contacts: Great for practice, or if you’re out of repeater range.
Hiking or outdoor events: When cell service fails, or you want to stay in touch over short distances.
Emergency situations: Simplex allows you to communicate directly without relying on infrastructure like repeaters.

Additionally, simplex frees up repeaters for other users, especially in high-traffic areas.

Choosing a Handheld Radio

To start with Simplex, you’ll need a handheld transceiver (HT). Popular brands include Yaesu, Kenwood, Icom, and Baofeng. Most HTs have around 5 watts of power, which provides about 5 miles of range. Many operators upgrade to aftermarket antennas for better performance, which can significantly extend your range.

License Requirements

You’ll need at least a Technician-class license to legally operate on ham frequencies. Operating without one can lead to severe penalties, so ensure you’re properly licensed before transmitting.

Simplex Frequencies and Band Plans

Among the Amateur Radio Bands in the U.S., Simplex primarily takes place on the 2-meter band (144-148 MHz) and the 70-centimeter band (420-450 MHz). Some common Simplex frequencies include:

2 meters: 146.520 MHz (National Calling Frequency), 146.550 MHz, 146.580 MHz
70 centimeters: 446.000 MHz (National Calling Frequency)

After making contact on a national calling frequency, it’s best to move to another Simplex frequency to free up the channel.

While national Simplex frequencies are standard across the U.S., regional variations exist. Some additional common Simplex frequencies include:

2 meters: 146.400, 146.430 MHz
70 centimeters: 445.900, 445.925, 446.025 MHz

Always monitor a frequency before transmitting to ensure you don’t interfere with other operators or emergency communications.

In Georgia, for instance, 146.430 MHz is a popular Simplex frequency. Avoid digital modes like D-STAR or DMR, as well as the national calling frequency (146.52 MHz), which is used for hams to find each other while traveling.

Programming Your Radio for Simplex

Programming your HT for Simplex is straightforward:

Switch your radio to “VFO” (Variable Frequency Oscillator) mode.
Manually enter the frequency (e.g., 146.430 MHz).
Ensure both radios are set to the same frequency for communication.

Before transmitting, always listen for activity to avoid interfering with other operators. You don’t want to accidentally interfere with someone else’s communication.

Making Your First Simplex Contact

Once your radio is programmed, you’re ready to make your first Simplex contact. Here’s how:

Press the push-to-talk (PTT) button and say your call sign (e.g., “This is [your call sign], can you hear me?”).
Wait for a response. If someone is on the same frequency, they’ll reply with their call sign.
Have a brief conversation, ensuring you give your call sign every 10 minutes during the exchange.

Using Simplex in Various Scenarios

Simplex frequencies serve multiple purposes:

Hamfests and public events: Stay connected with your group or provide communications support for community events like marathons.
Traveling or commuting: Some hams monitor Simplex frequencies while driving, allowing them to connect with others on the road.
Emergency situations: Simplex is invaluable when repeaters are unavailable or during disasters when infrastructure is down.
Contests and nets: You can also participate in contests and local nets using Simplex. This helps you practice and test your equipment.

You can easily add more people to your Simplex conversation. As long as everyone is on the same frequency, you’re good to go! This feature is particularly useful when coordinating activities or if you’re in a group hike or event.

Troubleshooting and Resources

If you’re having trouble, don’t worry! Check the following:

Antenna: Ensure your antenna is tightly screwed in and positioned correctly.
Frequency: Double-check that both radios are programmed to the same frequency.

Advanced Tips for Simplex Use

When using Simplex, avoid subaudible tones like CTCSS or DCS unless necessary. They may cause interference without your knowledge. If you do need to use them, set your radio to transmit on 100.0 Hz while keeping receive mode in carrier squelch.

For additional help, visit Ham Radio Guides, as well as World Radio League – Community chat where you’ll find forums, guides, and experienced Elmers ready to assist you.

Conclusion

Making your first Simplex contact doesn’t have to be intimidating. With a little preparation and the right tools, you’ll be making contacts like a pro in no time. Whether you’re communicating with friends, practicing for emergencies, or just enjoying a day outdoors, Simplex communication opens up a world of possibilities. So grab your radio, program it to the right frequency, and start connecting!

The post Making Your First Simplex Contact on Ham Radio appeared first on Ham Radio Prep.

Hurricane Watch Net: How Ham Radio Operators Track Storms

James Cribbs — Fri, 27 Sep 2024 05:28:08 +0000

Ham radio operators have long been pivotal in aiding communication during emergencies. One of the most vital services they provide is through the Hurricane Watch Net (HWN). Established on Labor Day in 1965, this group of amateur radio operators works to track hurricanes and assist meteorologists by offering real-time, on-the-ground information from affected areas.

What is the Hurricane Watch Net?

The Hurricane Watch Net is an organized group of ham radio operators, also known as “hams,” who monitor hurricanes across the Atlantic region. Similar to SKYWARN, which tracks severe weather, the HWN focuses on hurricanes, providing valuable data to forecasters.

Since 1980, HWN members have been embedded with the National Weather Service (NWS) at the National Hurricane Center (NHC) in Miami, Florida. The team also supports the Canadian Hurricane Center in Nova Scotia. However, many of the HWN’s operators are not based at these locations. Instead, they are strategically dispersed across North America, Central America, and the Caribbean Sea, ensuring continuous communication from impacted areas. These operators assist the NHC by providing real-time weather data, damage reports, and other critical information.

How Does the Hurricane Watch Net Operate?

The HWN operates on HF radio frequencies, specifically 14.325 MHz during the day and 7.268 MHz at night. They activate whenever a hurricane is within 300 miles of a populated landmass in the Atlantic region. This setup ensures that HWN volunteers can provide critical information even when traditional communication systems fail.

For instance, when a hurricane is headed toward New Orleans, a local ham operator could provide storm surge updates. However, if radio propagation between New Orleans and Miami is poor, an operator in Alabama could relay the information to the NHC, ensuring the timely delivery of updates.

Why Ham Radio is Crucial During Hurricanes

When hurricanes hit, traditional communication systems often go down. Ham radio can operate independently of infrastructure, making it a reliable communication method when power lines and cell towers are damaged. As Dick Sealey, N8NIF, a net control operator for HWN, explains:

“When infrastructure goes down, ham radio’s the only thing that works. What I might not hear in Michigan, somebody else in Colorado will.”

With hundreds of volunteers across the country, HWN can ensure that no vital information is missed. This network of volunteers can pass critical weather and damage reports to the National Weather Service, even if one station is unable to hear the report directly.

A Real-Life Example: Hurricane Beryl

During Hurricane Beryl on June 30, 2024, the HWN was activated. A transmission from a station in Georgia, K5WAN, reported:

“Dangerous Category 4 Beryl is approaching the Windward Islands. Life-threatening winds and storm surge are expected… At 5:00 p.m. Atlantic Standard Time, the center of Hurricane Beryl was located near 11.1 North, Longitude 58.5 West.”

With several stations checking in from around the country, HWN was prepared to relay important information about the storm’s progress. The Hurricane Watch Net team had receiving stations in 5 states. That’s Georgia, Alabama, Michigan, North Carolina, plus, a WX4NHC station in Miami. That allows for many different HF propagation opportunities, which is helpful when they start calling for reporting stations.

Thankfully, at that time, no stations were directly impacted by Beryl, but the storm would later cause significant damage in Mexico and Houston, Texas, resulting in extended power outages and flooding.

How to Get Involved with the Hurricane Watch Net

There are two primary ways to participate in the Hurricane Watch Net: as a Net Control Station or by providing reports from impacted areas.

Net Control Stations are responsible for managing communications during hurricanes. To become a Net Control Operator, you’ll need to complete a training process, which is only available outside of hurricane season. You can apply by visiting the Hurricane Watch Net website and clicking on “Net Control Information.“
Reporters: If you live in an area impacted by a hurricane and have an HF radio, you can provide weather reports. Hams are encouraged to report their location (including city, state, and GPS coordinates), the observed weather conditions (e.g., wind speed, flood levels), and how that data was collected. You can find a reporting form on the Net Procedures page of the Hurricane Watch Net website.

Conclusion

The Hurricane Watch Net is an invaluable resource, offering vital communication channels during hurricanes. With the help of dedicated ham radio operators, the net provides real-time data to forecasters and emergency responders. If you’re interested in joining this effort, consider becoming a net control station or offering reports from the field.

For more information about getting involved in emergency communications, visit Ham Radio Prep. Our Emergency Communications 101 course can equip you with the skills to become an effective communicator during disasters. And if you’re looking to get your ham radio license, we also offer classes for Technician, General, and Amateur Extra licenses.

Stay safe and informed. Remember that ham radio can be a lifeline when other systems fail!

The post Hurricane Watch Net: How Ham Radio Operators Track Storms appeared first on Ham Radio Prep.

Get Started with POTA (Parks On The Air) – Beginners Guide!

James Cribbs — Tue, 30 Jul 2024 21:26:38 +0000

Understanding Portable Ham Radio Operations: A Guide to Activations in the Park

To begin, Parks on the Air (POTA) is a ham radio activity where ham radio operators go to national parks and “activate” them by setting up a ham radio station and making contacts. It provides an excellent opportunity for demonstrating the core components of HF activation while enjoying the natural surroundings. People can also participate in POTA by operating their ham radio from home! You’ll often hear people calling “CQ POTA” from a park when looking for a contact.

This article serves as a comprehensive guide to portable ham radio operations, focusing on the process of making HF contacts in an outdoor setting.

Why should I care about POTA?

Well first off…. it’s fun! Getting outdoors and operating your ham radio is a great way to grow your skills and meet other ham radio operators. But it’s also a GREAT way to practice operating in case of emergency situations and improve your overall skill.

To get started with POTA, here are some prerequisites:

Get Your Ham Radio License -> a General License is preferred for access to the HF Bands
Get an HF Radio and Portable Antenna. Really common options are the Xiegu G90 if you’re on a budget or the ICOM 7300. You can easily make a dipole antenna for an effective and inexpensive POTA antenna. An End-Fed Half Wave is another great antenna option.
Practice Making a Contact at Home -> Get your HF ham radio and antenna set up, and make some contacts! If you need help, our HF Masterclass will be helpful to learn.

Preparation for the Activation

Get A Logbook -> You’ll need a logbook to log your contacts when you get to the park. We recommend the World Radio League which has a web logger and mobile app, and most importantly -> it’s easy to use!
Find a Park using the POTA website
Drive to the Park and Set Up Your Station
Set your Frequency and Start Operating!

Setting Up the Equipment

When deciding on an antenna to bring to a POTA activation, consider current band conditions. Maybe 20m is doing better than 10m, or 40m is doing better than all of the above. In our case, we decided on a 40m dipole because of band conditions that day.

In choosing a location, consideration must be given to the directionality of the signal. Remember, a dipole’s radiation pattern is strongest at 90 degrees from the antenna direction. In our case, we wanted to communicate North and South, so we set our antenna up going East to West.

Once the antenna location is selected, the setup process can begin. For our setup, we used an arborist throw weight to facilitate casting a line over trees to elevate the antenna into an inverted V configuration. This practical approach eases installation while enabling accurate tuning before final height adjustments. Tuning is a critical step, and utilizing an antenna analyzer to measure SWR (Standing Wave Ratio) and impedance is recommended to ensure optimal performance.

It is essential to note the relationship between antenna length and resonant frequency: if the antenna is too long, the resonant frequency will be lower than desired; conversely, if it is too short, the frequency will align higher than expected. By making real-time adjustments, the antenna can be optimized for the specific band. Once tuning is finalized, the radio, such as an Icom IC-7300 powered by a lithium LifePO battery in our case, can be set up for operation. This setup allows for hours of off-the-grid activity, demonstrating the self-sufficiency inherent in portable ham radio.

Making Contact

After preparing the radio, the operator may seek to establish communication by calling “CQ POTA” which invites any operators listening. In this process, it is beneficial to provide the park reference number, linking the activation to the broader Parks on the Air program. As contacts are made, the dynamics of amateur communication come into play, providing opportunities for engaging with operators from various locations.

When responding to incoming contacts, signal reports serve to convey the quality of communication. A report of “59” for example, indicates strong signal strength and audio clarity. This feedback is not only pertinent for the current activation but also helpful for refining techniques in future operations. The social aspect of ham radio shines through as operators exchange information and experiences, fostering a sense of community across distances.

Reflecting on Success and Environmental Responsibility

Upon concluding the activation, it is important to reflect on the results achieved. Keeping track of each contact in a logbook is recommended, as it enhances the overall experience of portable operations. An operator may find significant satisfaction in logging multiple contacts in a concise timeframe, showcasing the rewards of outdoor activations.

As the equipment is being packed away, a commitment to environmental stewardship should be emphasized. Leaving the site as clean as you found it—or better—ensures that parks remain accessible and enjoyable for future visitors and operators. This practice demonstrates a sense of responsibility within the ham radio community and promotes sustainable enjoyment of natural spaces.

Engaging in radio communications from remote locations not only allows for meaningful connections with fellow radio amateurs but also provides unique experiences in beautiful settings. For those keen on embarking on their own portable adventures, watch the video linked to this article for a comprehensive, step-by-step visual guide. Additionally, keep an eye out for our educational content released on social media and our website.

The post Get Started with POTA (Parks On The Air) – Beginners Guide! appeared first on Ham Radio Prep.

How to Log Your Ham Radio Contacts (Practical Guide)

James Cribbs — Fri, 02 Feb 2024 09:50:16 +0000

Ham radio operators log their contacts to preserve the memory of a special QSO. Others use logging to capture their achievements – things like the number of grid squares or states worked.

We’ll tell you how to log your ham radio contacts the right way, and a great way to keep it organized, coming up.

What is Logging?

Hi, I’m Jim, N4BFR, one of the instructors at Ham Radio Prep.

Have you ever heard the saying, “the job’s not finished until the paperwork is done?”. Well the same goes for most ham radio contacts. Logging is a way of documenting your contacts.

Why do you want to do that? One of the ways I use my logs is to check my performance on a particular ham band. That could tell me I can easily contact England on 15 meters, but I have fewer contacts there on 40 meters.

Another is for awards. If I’m looking to work 100 grid squares on VHF, I need to know where I have success, and the ones I still need. Contests need logs for their entries too.

Even if you don’t chase awards, being able to confirm a contact with someone who does is helpful. It’s part of the ham radio experience.

Now some will say, “The FCC doesn’t require a log anymore.” They would be 100% correct, but we believe it’s a great way to track your success over time.

Example Contact and What to Log

Let’s take a look at this contact we made on 10 Meter HF and see what we need to log.

There is a lot of information in that QSO! We’ve got call signs, names, locations, signal reports and more. We also want to capture some information that wasn’t spoken. Think of this as, “What information do I need to know to be able to confirm this contact later if asked?” To have that we want to capture the “Who, Where, When, and What” of this contact! That’s the key information.

So let’s start with Who. I confirmed his call was Kilo November Four November Echo Hotel, right? So let’s write that down. We heard his name so we’ll keep that too.

Let’s do the “Where” next. If you look on the screen, you’ll see our radio set to 28.600 Megahertz, so let’s write that down too. We got another piece of information from James, he’s in “Atlanta”, so we’ll include that as well.

Before we go too much further, we want to capture “When” this contact is happening. Let’s say it was August 1st at 3:15 PM local time. So that goes into our contact log. We can convert that time to UTC as well because that’s the standard hams use. At that time of year UTC is 4 hours ahead of where we are, so we’ll also put 17:15 UTC.

Let’s add the “What” now. Our “What” should include the mode of contact. Also any key information we exchanged that would allow us to confirm it later. So we’ll add “USB” for Upper Side Band which is our mode, and put down the signal reports we exchanged. Did you catch those?

Let’s get these down as I “Sent” 5-5 and I “Received” 5-9.

So, that’s a lot of data for a conversation that took less than 2 minutes, right? Let’s recap what we have:

Contact With: KN4NEH, James
Contact Where: 28.600 MHz or 10 Meters to Atlanta

When we made the contact: August 1 at 17:15 UTC

What was the contact made up of: A USB exchange of a signal report, I sent 5-5 and Received 5-9.

What’s a good way to store and track that information? We’re going to use the World Radio League Logbook.

How to Log Your Contacts Online

So let’s go to WorldRadioLeague.com. I’ve already set up a free profile so I am going to click “Log Contacts” and start a new log. Once I do, it comes up with a window that will let me enter the most common information captured during a contact. Let’s transfer it from our contact log notes to the logbook.

The first thing it asks is “Their Callsign” – We have that, it’s KN4NEH so we will put that in.

When we hit tab two things happen. Let’s look at the screen change first. We have a “Callsign Match” so James is also a WorldRadioLeague logbook user. It added his name, state, and grid location from his home logbook information.

The cursor also jumps to the next field which is RST sent. That’s where the exchange goes, part of our “What” group. We sent KN4NEH a report of 5-5 so we’ll add that in. He sent us 5-9, so we’ll tab over to the next field and confirm that.

Tab again and you are in the frequency box. We will enter this in megahertz so 28.6 is all we need to put.

Notice when you hit tab this time it changes the next two boxes. The logbook knows that 28.6 MHz is in the 10 Meter band, so it automatically populated that. It also knows that part of the band is typically used for Sideband communication so it added SSB under mode. You can leave that or use the arrow to drop down and select USB.

Let’s jump down to time and add our information on time and date. We’ll put in 17:15 in the time field and August 1 in for the date. Let’s click on the “Their QTH” area and put in “Atlanta” for good measure.

As you can see there are a bunch of other things we can track. That would include the power output of our radio, handy if you are tracking your QRP contacts. Another is which antenna we used. We can even add some notes, but for the basics of confirming a contact, that’s all we need. Let’s hit “Log Contact” to save it.

As you can see it’s moved down to my log. Now remember how I said earlier you can track where your signal is going. Click that button that says “QSO Map” and we can zoom in to see where our short 10 Meter contact happened.

VHF Simplex Contact

Let’s try logging a VHF simplex contact because those are fun too. Grab a Baofeng and a friend and see how far away you can get and still make contacts. You absolutely want to track that right?

Let’s say I was out for the day on top of Stone Mountain near Metro-Atlanta. James found a spot on top of one of the buildings near downtown. If we both have our handhelds, we can make a contact and log it!

We want to capture the same thing as before, the who, where, when and what of this contact. Here’s what that contact list looks like:

Contact With: KN4NEH, James
Contact Where: 146.52 MHz or 2 Meters, Stone Mountain to Ponce City Market

When we made the contact: December 11 at 21:30 UTC

What was the contact made up of: An FM simplex contact. I sent 5-9 and I received 5-9 in return.

VHF Simplex Contact in the Logbook

Let’s put that in the logbook so we can see how it looks.

Their call sign was KN4NEH and the RST Sent and Received were both 5-9, so we updated that.

The frequency was 146.52 MHz so we’ll enter that and the logbook knows that was a 2 Meter FM contact so it updated it.

Power might be helpful here. We used a handheld on high, so that’s 5 watts or so. Our time was 21:30 UTC on December 11. Since we were both mobile we want to be a little more specific about our location or QTH. I’m going to erase their default information and write “Ponce City Market” under their QTH.

I’m going to overwrite the defaults on my contact as well since I wasn’t home. I’ll put Stone Mountain under QTH. My radio was a UV5R and my antenna was “stock HT” and I erased the grid.

OK if that looks accurate, hit “Log Contact” and you have it saved.

Analytics

I mentioned at the beginning that one of the more important reasons for having a log is to use it for analytics. Here’s a big benefit of using the World Radio League logbook. Once you have a few contacts logged, you can look under “My Profile” and get an idea of how you are operating.

When I look at my band graph I see most of my contacts have been on 10 or 20 Meters. I also have QSO’s by Mode to tell me that I’ve been logging all voice contacts.

Finally, check out my QSO map. 4 continents in the log! That’s pretty exciting right there!

Troubleshooting

Let’s cover a few areas you might run into issues while logging.

First, you might ask yourself, “If I have name and call sign, isn’t that enough for a log?” Yes and no. Let’s look at an example.

Let’s say I worked James, but I wrote down his callsign wrong. I made a typo and put K-M-4NEH. So when his QSL request comes in, and I don’t find his call, what can I do? If it shows the right exchange and time, I can find the contact and safely assume I made a typo. So I correct my log and confirm the contact. It happens.

Let’s also talk a little about time. You can keep your time in local time or in UTC – also known as coordinated universal time or zulu time – if you are logging on paper. Remember most of your contact confirmation requests and online logging will be in UTC. So be prepared to convert. One place that’s easy to trip up are those late evening contacts. 10 PM Eastern on Monday is early Tuesday morning UTC. Don’t forget to increment both the date and the time when converting.

One more comment on time. 1630 vs 1632 UTC are functionally the same time. In fact one online logbook says a contact that has a start time within 30 minutes is a match. Don’t be too strict about 2 or 3 minutes if all the other info matches.

Should you log frequency or only the band used? It’s better to have frequency than band. But there will be times when you are scanning up and down and didn’t quite get the right frequency. Don’t beat yourself up. If you have at least the band right that is enough to confirm a contact.

You won’t always get a signal report as a final confirmation item. It’s more likely in HF voice or CW, but if you are working digital you might get a power level. In satellites you’ll get a grid square. In contests it might be a date or serial number. In any QSO, it’s good to keep track of what you get for future confirmation.

Don’t look at logging like a chore. It’s so much fun to be able to look back at favorite contacts. With a log it’s easier to answer that, “How many countries have you talked to” question from friends? Or chase grid squares. Whatever your reason, ham radio logging is a fun way to follow up your contacts. And with the World Radio League logger, you can easily see your stats and track your performance.

Wrapping up

If you are just getting started in Ham Radio, come visit us at HamRadioPrep.com to get your license. Then keep your logs over at WorldRadioLeague.com.

We also have a whole lot more on logging and handling QSL’s in our HF Masterclass. It has everything you need to start making those long distance contacts!

I’m Jim, N4BFR from Ham Radio Prep. We hope to hear you on the air… and get a contact in your logs.. soon!

The post How to Log Your Ham Radio Contacts (Practical Guide) appeared first on Ham Radio Prep.

How to Build a Dipole Antenna for Ham Radio

James Cribbs — Sat, 06 Jan 2024 22:12:05 +0000

So we talked about a couple of different antennas you can buy. Now, what about an antenna that you can build?

Maybe you’re a maker, maybe you just want to do something different, or maybe you want to save a few bucks. We’re going to build two single-band dipoles out of this roll of speaker wire.

Steps to Build Your Dipole Antenna

Here are some of the materials you need to start building your own homemade dipole antenna for ham radio.

Roll of speaker wire
Tools for measuring and cutting
Balun (commercial or homemade)
Dog bones for insulation (optional)
3D printed parts for homemade balun (optional)

1. Calculating the Length of the Dipole

When we’re building a dipole, there’s a formula you’re going to use to calculate the distance, and that formula is 468 divided by the frequency you want to operate on.

468 / Frequency = Length of each side of the dipole

For this exercise, we’re going to do two dipoles, one’s a 20M and one’s a 40M. So, I went ahead and made some notes on the lengths I need when I calculate out the 20M dipole. That 468 divided by 14.250 tells me each side needs to be about 16 1/2 ft. On the 40M dipole, each side needs to be 32 1/2 ft.

2. Building the 20M Dipole

So, we need our 16 1/2 Ft worth of wire to do our 20M dipole. There are a lot of different ways to measure it out.

All I did was spread these two chairs 16 and 1/2 ft apart, and I’m going to run the cable in between them. So we’ll tie some on this end and run it to the other chair. I’m going to leave myself about a foot extra slack, cut the cable.

Now, if you noticed, the full length of the dipole is just under 33 ft, but I only cut 16 1/2 ft. The reason I did that is that I’m using speaker wire; it has two conductors. I can just pull the conductors apart, and I have equal size conductors on each side of my dipole.

3. Preparing for Tuning

Now in my mind, having a little bit extra is not a bad thing because we are going to tune this, and we’re going to want to wrap it and adjust it. It’s a lot easier to take line off than it is to add extra wire.

So next up, we’re going to connect up the wire in this antenna to a Balun. This is a commercial Balun from LDG, runs about 30 bucks. It’s got a current Balun in it, so it gives you a little extra protection from getting RF on your coax. But it’s easy to find and easy to use.

4. Connecting and Stripping the Wires

The first thing we need to do is strip the ends of these wires. Now, the gauge of the wire you choose does make a little bit of difference in the bandwidth you get, but the difference between like 14 gauge and 16 gauge is really not going to be significant for our application. This Balun is set for up to 200 Watts, so it’s great for running 100 watts in the park.

Now, to get the wire connected here, we just unscrew these terminal poles. There’s a little hole we can just sneak each end through the hole and tighten it down, or we can just wrap it around and tighten it down.

5. Final Prep Before Deployment

Alright, wrap these around the binding post and tighten them down. I’m going to come back and add some strain relief later with some wire ties, but for now, this is all I need to get connected.

Now is a good time to strip these two elements apart, and it’s really easy. We’ll just pull them apart and be ready to go. Alright, one more thing to do before we get to the park is to put some dog bones on this end of the antenna, so we’ve got some insulation between the tree, the rope, whatever we’re going to tie this off to.

This is really easy to do. These are 3D printed online; you can buy them for a couple of bucks at a hamfest. We’re going to just slide it through. We did not need to strip this; we’re just sliding it through, and we’re going to just whip stitch it around to hold it tight.

Building the 40M Dipole with a Homemade Balun

On the 40M antenna, I’m using a homemade balun. This is a 3D printed device that has an SO239 connector. I soldered up some wires and connected those up, made myself some terminals, so I can connect the ends of the antenna.

Take a look now; for the ends, we’re connecting up here, gives me a nice hole to run through for doing some strain relief. So, I’ll run these through each of the holes and strip the ends, and I’ll bind these ends onto the balun with some wing nuts.

Want to learn about the different types of ham radio antennas? Check our guide.

Benefits of Building Your Own Dipole

Customization: Get the exact frequency you want without compromise.
Cost-Effective: A roll of speaker wire can make several antennas.
Choice of Balun: Choose or build a balun that fits your needs.
Practical Experience: Gain hands-on experience in antenna building.

Conclusion

So what are some benefits of building your own dipole? Well, first, you get exactly on the frequency you want. You’re not making a compromise by doing it at multiple frequencies. Second, price is definitely a factor. We bought a roll of speaker wire; it was $30 for 200 ft, so we could make four or five more antennas and still have some left over.

Again, you can choose which balun you want, so there’s some customization there as well. And you can go out and work the world with just a dipole.

If you’re building a dipole antenna at home, a balun is an essential component. You can 3D print your own balun for this project. We’ve got the 3D print number for the balun from Thingiverse—a great resource for DIY projects. You can find the 3D model for the balun and the full instructions here: Thingiverse Balun 3D Print Model.

Head on over to HamRadioPrep.com to get started with our online courses. It’s the fastest, easiest, and most fun way to pass your ham radio license exam and get on the air!

The post How to Build a Dipole Antenna for Ham Radio appeared first on Ham Radio Prep.

Ham Radio for Offroading

James Cribbs — Fri, 14 Apr 2023 23:54:40 +0000

Interested in ham radio as an offroader? In this guide, we’ll explore the benefits of getting your ham radio license as an offroading enthusiast, and how it can improve your overall experience on the trails.

We’ll talk about the benefits of ham radio and compare it to other communication methods. We’ll also help you get your license and help set up your offroad ham radio system in your vehicle (car or truck).

So, buckle up and get ready to learn how ham radio can take your offroading adventures to the next level!

What is Ham Radio?

Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, is a popular hobby and service that allows licensed users to communicate with others using radio frequencies. These frequencies are allocated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States.

Offroading can be a thrilling and adventurous hobby, but it’s essential to have reliable communication, especially when you’re in remote locations or tackling challenging terrain. That’s where the flexibility of ham radio comes in. By getting your amateur radio license, you can improve your experience off-grid with multiple communications options.

The Benefits of Ham Radio for Offroading

1. Better communication range

One of the most significant advantages of ham radio over other communication options like CB (Citizens Band) radio and FRS/GMRS (Family Radio Service/General Mobile Radio Service) is its superior communication range.

Comparing Ham Radio with CB and FRS/GMRS

CB radios typically have a range of about 3 to 5 miles, while FRS/GMRS radios can reach up to 5 to 25 miles, depending on the terrain and equipment. In comparison, ham radio can achieve much greater distances, even hundreds or thousands of miles, depending on the frequency, power output, and atmospheric conditions.

This extended range can be a lifesaver when you’re offroading in remote areas where cell phone coverage is non-existent or unreliable.

We’ve found that ham radio is much more reliable. This is because of the greater power available with ham radio, as well as multiple frequency bands that can be chosen. A broad network of repeaters also helps relay communications.

We’re told a group was able to stay in contact with each other using ham radio even when separated by more than 30 miles, this would have been impossible with CB or FRS/GMRS radios.

2. Stay prepared for emergencies

Ham radio can help you prepare for and handle emergencies much better. One of its main purposes is to provide communication when other services can’t.

You can call for help:
Ham radio allows you to reach other radio operators, emergency services, and amateur radio emergency networks, increasing your chances of getting assistance in remote offroading locations. Because ham radio is not dependent on the status of the cell networks, you can reach others when there is no cell service.
You can monitor the weather and natural disasters:
You can access weather and emergency frequencies to stay informed about real-time weather conditions and updates on natural disasters, helping you avoid hazards and plan your route accordingly. Ham radio frequencies are adjacent to the National Weather Service’s NOAA Weather Radio frequencies, so most ham radios can receive these alerts. In addition, many storm chasers are hams, and you can hear their traffic during a weather event.

Read more about ham radio in emergency communications.

3. Better Technical Advantages

You also get many technical advantages when using amateur radio over other forms of communication, such as:

Improved signal clarity and audio quality: Traditional CB uses 8 KHz bandwidth while 2 Meter ham radio FM uses 15 KHz.
Access to a wider range of frequencies and bands: US CB is limited to 27 MHz frequencies and GMRS is around 465 MHz. Ham radio has frequencies in those 2 ranges plus at 6 Meters (50 MHz) and 2 Meters (144 MHz).
The ability to use higher power output for increased range and reliability: CB is limited to 5 watts. GMRS is 50 watts maximum. Ham radio operators can use up to 1,500 watts on all the bands listed above with the proper license.
Digital modes and messaging capabilities, enabling text-based communication and data transmission: APRS is a popular tool for sending and receiving position information over ham radio and many handhelds have this built in.

These features make ham radios a more versatile and powerful communication tool, as it ensures reliable communication during your overland adventures.

Best Ham Radio Equipment for Overlanding

When it comes to setting up a ham radio system for offroading, choosing the right equipment is essential. You can get more reliable communication, and improved safety.

Selecting the right ham radio equipment

Radio type and power output:

Choose a mobile ham radio unit designed for offroading, with rugged construction, water and dust resistance, and user-friendly interfaces. Consider the power output based on your communication range requirements.

Antenna selection and placement:

Select a durable dual-band or multi-band antenna suitable for off-road use. Opt for NMO mounts that provide a secure connection and easy antenna replacement. Place the antenna in a location with minimal obstructions for optimal performance. Higher is better. Read more about antenna options.

Power supply and battery management:

Ensure your vehicle’s electrical system is well-maintained and consider a deep-cycle battery for a reliable power source. Use power distribution blocks and fuses to protect your equipment and simplify cable management. Some hams use portable LiFEPo batteries to handle their radio needs while in the field because of their lightweight per amount of energy stored.

Best Mobile Ham Radios for Offroading

Mobile ham radio units are designed to be installed in vehicles and offer features that are great for offroaders. Look for models with rugged construction, water and dust resistance, and user-friendly interfaces.

Here are the 5 best mobile ham radios for offroading:

1. Yaesu FTM-400XDR

This dual-band radio offers a rugged design, a user-friendly touchscreen interface, and supports both analog and digital C4FM modes. Its integrated GPS and APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System) functionality make it ideal for offroading by allowing you to share your location with others.

2. Icom IC-2730A

The Icom IC-2730A is a dual-band radio with a large, easy-to-read display and a rugged design that can withstand harsh offroading conditions. It has a user-friendly interface and supports various mounting options, making it easy to install in your offroad vehicle.

3. Icom ID-5100A

The Icom ID-5100A is a dual-band radio with a large detached display that includes a GPS receiver. In addition to compass and direction information onboard, it covers the 2 Meter and 70 CM radio bands. It’s an analog FM and D-STAR digital radio with wide band receiving to cover bands like aviation.

4. AnyTone AT-778UV

This compact, budget-friendly dual-band radio offers excellent performance and a variety of features suitable for offroading. It has a durable design, a clear and bright display, and supports both narrow and wide FM modes. The radio is also compatible with CHIRP programming software, allowing for easy customization and channel management.

5. TYT MD-9600

The TYT MD-9600 is a dual-band radio that supports both analog FM and digital DMR modes. It features a rugged design and a high-resolution color display for easy operation. The radio’s GPS and APRS functionality, along with its compatibility with various digital modes like group and private calls, make it an excellent choice for offroading communication and navigation.

Each of these mobile ham radios offers unique features and advantages that are great for offroaders. By choosing one of these radios, you’ll benefit from reliable communication, improved safety, and better enjoy your offroading experience.

You can also check out our top 5 handheld radios!

Ham Radio is Versatile!

Ham radio offers a high level of versatility and is very customizable, allowing you to get the right communication system for your offroading.

Here’s what we mean by ‘versatility’:

Repeaters and linking systems

Repeaters: Devices that receive and retransmit signals, extending the range of your communication. Repeaters can be critical in offroading situations where obstacles or terrain might limit direct communication.
Linking systems: Technologies like EchoLink and IRLP enable you to connect to other ham radio operators over the internet, providing even greater reach and connectivity options.

Digital modes and messaging

Digital modes: Various digital communication methods, such as D-STAR, System Fusion, and DMR, offer improved signal quality, error correction, and additional features like text messaging and data transmission.
Messaging: Ham radio systems can support text-based communication and data transfer, which can be especially useful when voice communication is not possible or practical. Check out Winlink where you can send emails using ham radio!

Integration with GPS and mapping tools

GPS integration: Many ham radio systems have onboard GPS receivers or can interface with GPS devices, allowing you to share your location with other radio operators and receive location data from others.
Mapping tools: Software like APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System) can be used to plot the location data from GPS-enabled ham radios on maps, providing real-time situational awareness during your offroading adventures.

Go portable or dual band

Handhelds: When you get where you are going, you may want to explore on foot. A wide variety of handhelds will keep you connected to your “base” vehicle while exploring the area.
Dual Band: Traveling with a large group. Many radios can handle two frequencies at one time. Keep one for overall communication while having a second frequency for your foot travelers or organize by vehicle types. Or just monitor the weather radio for alerts.

How to Setup Ham Radio in Your Car or Truck

Here is a step-by-step guide to installing an offroad ham radio system in your car or truck.

Step 1: Gather the necessary equipment

Mobile ham radio unit (see list above)
Dual-band or multi-band antenna
NMO mount for antenna
Coaxial cable
Deep-cycle battery (optional)
Power distribution block and fuses
Mounting brackets or custom mounts for radio and antenna
Cable organizers or conduits

Step 2: Select the mounting location for the radio

Choose a location that is easily accessible and within reach while driving
Ensure the location has adequate ventilation to prevent overheating
Use custom mounts or brackets to secure the radio unit in place

Step 3: Install the antenna

Identify a suitable location on your vehicle for the antenna, ideally with minimal obstructions for optimal performance
Install the NMO mount according to the manufacturer’s instructions
Attach the antenna to the mount and ensure it is secure

Step 4: Connect the radio to the antenna

Run the coaxial cable from the radio unit to the antenna, avoiding sharp bends and potential damage from moving parts or hot surfaces
Use cable organizers or conduits to manage the cable and protect it from damage
Connect the coaxial cable to the radio unit and the antenna, ensuring a tight and secure connection

Step 5: Connect the radio to the power source

Locate your vehicle’s battery or fuse box, and plan the route for your power cables
Install a power distribution block and fuses near the radio, following the manufacturer’s guidelines for fuse ratings
Connect the power cables from the radio to the power distribution block, ensuring proper polarity and a secure connection
Run the power cables from the distribution block to the vehicle’s battery or fuse box, using cable organizers or conduits for protection and neatness
- DON’T plan on using a “cigarette lighter” style power connector. The wiring to the plug may not be up to par for the amount of current your radio will draw.
If using a deep-cycle battery, connect it to the vehicle’s electrical system according to the battery manufacturer’s instructions

Step 6: Ground the radio

Identify a suitable grounding point on your vehicle’s chassis or frame, ensuring good metal-to-metal contact
Attach a grounding cable from the radio unit to the grounding point, using a ring terminal or similar connector
Ensure the grounding connection is secure and free of corrosion or paint

Step 7: Program the radio

Power on the radio and familiarize yourself with the controls and menu system
Program your radio with local repeater frequencies, emergency channels, and preferred simplex frequencies
Organize channels for easy access during offroading, grouping them by purpose or region as desired
Consult the radio’s manual for any additional programming options or features, such as APRS or digital modes

Step 8: Test your system

Turn on the radio and ensure all controls, displays, and features are functioning correctly
Perform a test transmission on a simplex frequency or repeater to confirm proper operation, and check your antenna’s SWR for optimal performance
If possible, have a fellow ham radio operator or a local ham radio club member verify your signal and audio quality

Step 9: Secure and tidy up the installation

Double-check all connections and mounting points for security and stability
Use cable organizers or conduits to neatly bundle and route wiring, preventing damage or interference with other vehicle systems
Ensure the installation is both functional and aesthetically pleasing, balancing performance with the appearance of your vehicle

Great! You have now successfully installed a ham radio system in your vehicle! Enjoy your radio communications and stay safe.

With the right equipment and proper installation, you can enjoy your offroad adventures, and make sure you’re safe in cases of emergencies.

Conclusion

Having a ham radio license for offroading is great and has many benefits, such as improved communication range, better preparation for emergencies, access to a supportive community, and technical advantages that are not available with other communication systems.

By getting your ham radio license and installing a reliable amateur radio system in your vehicle, you can significantly improve your off-road experiences and stay connected with others who share your passion for the same adventure.

We highly encourage offroaders to take the steps needed to get their ham radio license, at least to prepare themselves for an emergency. You will also gain valuable knowledge and experience that can help you elsewhere. Don’t wait – start your journey toward becoming a licensed ham radio operator today!

The post Ham Radio for Offroading appeared first on Ham Radio Prep.

Beginner’s Guide to Using APRS for Ham Radio

James Cribbs — Sun, 12 Mar 2023 11:42:38 +0000

Amateur Packet Reporting System (APRS) is a digital communication system utilized by amateur radio operators to exchange messages and track locations utilizing GPS.

APRS is a well-known technology among hams, with numerous applications in emergency communications, tracking, and weather reporting. In this article, we will discuss what APRS is, how to set it up, how to use it, and the best practices for operating APRS.

What is APRS (Amateur Packet Reporting System)?

APRS is a digital communication system. It functions by sending small packets of data via radio waves. It’s designed for exchanging messages and information over short distances. It was initially developed in the 1990’s by Bob Bruninga, WB4APR (SK). Since then, it is used extensively by amateur radio operators.

(Ham Speak: The term (SK) means “Silent Key” or a ham who has passed away.)

An APRS packet might only be a few data points. They always have a call sign. Sometimes in addition they have short, point-to-point text message. Like “Meet me on 146.520 MHz at 10 AM.” point-to-point message. Sometimes they have position data, derived from GPS coordinates. Those packets get transmitted blindly, for reception by other radios within range. Some hams operate radios that connect APRS to the Internet. These radios are named gateways and digipeaters. On occasion, you’ll find APRS in use on the International Space Station. When in use, it can be used to relay packets while overhead.

Let’s explain a little more about gateways and digipeaters. A gateway is used to receive APRS packages. This provides them a “gateway” into the internet side of APRS. A digipeater is a radio that receives the packets and sends them out to a wider area. The ISS radio would be an example of a digipeater. Yes, this function of digipeating and gateway can be combined into one unit.

Based on this, you can see APRS has a wide range of applications. They include tracking the location of vehicles, people, and weather stations.

This map shows many APRS stations in Metro-Atlanta. APRS gateways are red and black diamonds. You also see weather stations, and a vehicle being tracked. Try and find KO4YHK-14. The green line will guide you.

Its Founder: Bob Bruninga

APRS was pioneered by Bob Bruninga, WB4APR, a U.S. Navy officer and member of the U.S. Naval Academy, who initially developed the system on an Apple II platform in 2002. He originally created APRS to track ships using the AX.25 protocol, which eventually became popular in the ham radio community. Bob’s work laid the foundation for APRS, which remains a prominent protocol in amateur radio.

There’s also a common point of confusion: what does “APRS” stand for? Some refer to it as the “Automated Position Reporting System” while others say “Automated Packet Reporting System.” Both terms are acceptable.

The APRS Foundation: Carrying Bob’s Legacy Forward

Though Bob became a Silent Key in February 2022, his legacy endures through the APRS Foundation. About a year before his passing, Bob transferred the intellectual property and trademarks for APRS to TAPR (Tucson Amateur Packet Radio). TAPR later established the APRS Foundation to maintain and develop APRS resources.

The original APRS website, www.aprs.org, remains active, primarily as a historical archive. For those seeking current information and resources, the new website, how.aprs.works, provides modern guides, tips, and use cases for APRS.

How APRS Works and Where It’s Used

APRS operates over RF within a localized region but can connect to a global network through digipeaters and I-Gates, which amplify and relay transmissions. Jeff recommends checking out how.aprs.works and joining the APRS groups on groups.io and TAPR’s listserv to stay updated on the latest APRS developments.

Real-time data transmission is at the heart of APRS’s appeal. In contrast to Winlink, which stores and forwards messages, APRS packets are instantly received, making it invaluable in emergency and public service settings.

How to Setup APRS

You can participate in APRS with a variety of devices. Some are hardware based, others are computer software. Here are some options:

A radio with built-in APRS capability. These include handhelds and mobile rigs that will generate packets and receive them. The radio typically operates on 144.390 MHz in North America.
If your radio doesn’t have APRS built in, you can connect it to a computer. Then you generate APRS signals via special software. Those signals get fed into your radio for transmission and reception of the APRS data. We call this a soundcard interface.
- If you are using a Windows or Linux PC, including a Raspberry Pi, check out Dire Wolf. That stands for “Decoded Information from Radio Emissions for Windows Or Linux Fans.”
- On Apple PC’s try MacAPRS.
Some APRS users only use their Mobile Phone. There are apps for Apple and Android devices. These don’t take advantage of the RF elements of APRS. The phones GPS and data connections help here. The apps can be used to provide location information via APRS system packets online.

Steps to follow:

Configure the radio
a. Radio with APRS capability: Configure the software based on your radio’s instructions.
b. Radio and computer design: Install APRS software on your computer and create an audio interface between your PC and radio. For simple receiving, a cable connecting the radio’s audio output to the PC’s line input will do. Install one of the software versions mentioned above or one that fits your needs.
Set the frequency for packets to 144.390 MHz in North America for the terrestrial network. (The ISS uses 145.825 MHz, other regions of the world use different frequencies).
Software configuration
a.Radio with APRS capability: Your packet needs to include a “path.” The path is used by receiving stations, particularly digipeaters. WIDE2-2 is a typical terrestrial setting. It basically says, “send this packet through up to two digipeaters.”
b. Radio and computer design: Configure the APRS software to work with your radio. Set the frequency, baud rate, and audio levels. If you want your computer to be a gateway, set that up too. Then it will send packet information it hears to the APRS-IS internet network. To do that, check online to get a callsign passcode for your software.
Configure the APRS software to use your GPS device to send your location. The radio with APRS capability should track your location as you move. For the static station, enter the location once in the software.
Test your setup. Start by receiving and decoding APRS packets. Then send a few APRS packets of your own to ensure that everything is working properly. You can check online to see if your packet reached an APRS gateway. Look at a site like https://aprs.fi/ to see if it was received by the terrestrial network.
Advanced
a. Radio and computer design: Connect your PC’s output to the radio’s input to transmit your own packets. A tool like a “Rigblaster” can be purchased or home brewed.

This APRSIS32 software window shows packets received around Central Florida. It also shows an ongoing message session.

How to Use APRS

Once you have set up APRS, you can start using it to exchange messages and track locations. APRS data messages go over RF between stations. Many make it into the online APRS network, which can then show them on a real time map.

APRS is often used to track the location of vehicles or people. That might include hikers or search and rescue teams. It can also be used to transmit weather data. Many APRS connected stations share weather data. That includes temperature, pressure, and wind speed. Smart hams have figured out ways to interface that with the APRS network.

Advanced APRS Features

APRS has numerous advanced features that can be utilized to enhance its functionality.

Automatic position reporting and tracking. Follow stations that transmit their location automatically at regular intervals. Very useful for tracking moving vehicles, such as ambulances or delivery trucks. Frequently used for ham radio public service events like parades and marathons.
Digipeating to improve range. When packets are relayed from one digipeater to another, APRS range is extended.
Satellite Experimentation. The International Space Station has an active APRS digipeater. It’s managed by the ARISS team. It operates on 145.825 MHz worldwide. You can listen for it with any APRS capable device. If you want to send packets through the ISS, it uses unique PATH designators. Check for those settings before you operate.

A Kenwood TH-D74 displays a packet received from the ISS, which uses the call sign RS0ISS for its APRS radio. Photo by Jim Reed – N4BFR

APRS can be used to report weather data, such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed.
Weather stations can be connected to the APRS network to report weather data.
Long Distance APRS: Ambitious hams have events to try for packet distance records. One is called the “Appalachian Trail Golden Packet event.” In this July event, hams attempt to send an APRS packet via simplex over long distances.

Using an Yaseu FT5D handheld, an operator listened in on the 2022 APRS Golden Packet event at Clingman’s Dome, North Carolina. Photo by Jim Reed – N4BFR

NT1I’s gear used for the 2022 APRS golden packet event. The group uses a unique 2 Meter frequency (144.340) for the packets and a UHF channel for voice coordination. Photo by Jim Reed – N4BFR.

Best Practices for APRS

To operate APRS effectively, it is critical to follow best practices.

Firstly, it is important to set the correct frequency and beacon rate for your station. This will ensure that it is compatible with other APRS stations in your area.
Secondly, it is crucial to set up proper paths and filters. This will ensure that your APRS packets are being relayed to the correct stations.
Finally, it is important to follow good operating practices. Those include avoiding excessive beaconing, avoiding using generic callsigns, and avoiding QRM.

APRS’s Future and Supporting the Foundation

Support for the APRS Foundation is greatly welcomed, and membership is open to everyone, with an annual fee of $20. “Joining doesn’t require being a ham,” Jeff mentioned during a short interview at the “Stone Mountain Hamfest 2024,” noting that the contributions are crucial for the progression of APRS and the support of new projects. The interview video is available for viewing.

Conclusion

APRS is a powerful and versatile digital communication system. It is used by amateur radio operators for a variety of applications. The small packet of detailed APRS data is special. It can be transmitted with GPS coordinates, weather data, and messages. That makes APRS a valuable tool for emergency communications, tracking, and weather reporting.

Hams can ensure that APRS is used effectively and efficiently. This is driven by following best practices and operating responsibly. While the setup and configuration of APRS can be daunting. But, with a little practice, you can easily master this valuable technology. Use APRS to take your communication capabilities to the next level. Another way to expand your horizons in the world of amateur radio.

The post Beginner’s Guide to Using APRS for Ham Radio appeared first on Ham Radio Prep.

Winlink: sending email with ham radio!

James Cribbs — Wed, 18 Dec 2019 15:25:53 +0000

Amateurs support interoperability with Winlink systems for a variety of uses

Ham radio operators are known for doing cool things, like using ham radio to fly first-person view drones, transmitting TV signals and talking around the world on a handheld transceiver. Another cool thing that hams do is to send email over ham radio in a system known as Winlink. This has proven to be a great asset in amateur radio’s emergency communications tool chest.

Winlink, also known by its service mark, Winlink Global Radio Email, and as the Winlink 2000 Network (or WL2K), basically is a worldwide messaging system that uses amateur radio frequencies, as well as government frequencies, to provide email capability automatically and independent of the internet. This allows ham radio to step in when routine systems are down in disaster and emergency situations and still perform a routine function — email.

Winlink uses smart-network radio relays to send messages from one point to another. Email on the Winlink system can include attachments and also offers position reporting such as Automatic Position Reporting Service (APRS) reports as well as weather and information bulletins, emergency and relief communications and message relay. Winlink operators, who have to be signed up to use the service, operate under a system that was built, operated and administered by ham volunteers. A non-profit charity, the Amateur Radio Safety Foundation, provides support for the system.

The shortwave backbone

Winlink uses a worldwide HF system that can be used nearly anywhere in the world. By connecting a single sideband (SSB) radio to a computer with dedicated software and a modem interface, Winlink email messages can be sent throughout the system for endpoint delivery. The system also provides separate parallel radio email systems for the Military Affiliate Radio System (MARS) and the United States Department of Homeland Security SHARES (SHAred RESources) HF network among other users.

Interested in Winlink?

If you’re interested in assisting with message delivery on the Winlink system, you’ll need to go to www.winlink.org and find out what you’ll need. The actual signup is through the client program that you will use on your computer. Only licensed hams are allowed to register for the Winlink system.

Winlink system reliability

The Winlink system has proven highly reliable over the years. The system is available 99.99 percent of the time and message transmissions are 100 percent accurate. Various HF, VHF and UHF systems are deployed to connect throughout the Winlink system. Gateway stations transfer Winlink emails between hams and the internet. Winlink has proven highly reliable for remote access to email over radio frequencies.

Get on Winlink

WL2K allows hams to send and receive Winlink email using the PACTOR or WINMOR digital mode on their HF radio — or via packet on VHF or UHF frequencies. On HF, you’ll need a sound card and software to send via WINMOR, or a separate communications processor that supports the PACTOR family of digital modes. If you’re just using VHF or UHF, a simple packet terminal node controller (TNC) will allow you to access the radio system through a local relay station. Once you are registered on Winlink, you’ll also need to download and install a compatible email program such as Airmail.

What are the frequencies for Winlink?

To discover the frequencies used by worldwide Winlink stations, go to https://winlink.org/RMSChannels. The stations cover most of the planet, offering wide area access.

Are there restrictions on Winlink email?

There are common-sense rules on the use of Winlink over amateur frequencies. Of course, you can’t encrypt messages or send business or obscene messages.

But don’t let that stop you because WInlink will let you offer a service to your community when all systems fail. When the internet is down, you will be able to step in and provide a valuable service by passing emergency and priority emails for agencies in need.

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